Ecotourism is broadly recognized as a responsible type of tourism centered on nature and environmental conservation. As one of the most rapidly expanding sectors of the global industry, ecotourism distinguishes itself from its conventional counterpart by aiming to reduce environmental harm and provide direct benefits to conservation and local populations (UNWTO and UNEP, 2002). It works towards enhancing the welfare of local communities and building awareness by educating and interpreting experiences for both tourists and residents (TIES, 2015). It has also become closely linked to the establishment and management of protected areas, which serve as vital spaces for conserving biodiversity and natural heritage. Protected areas, such as national parks and nature reserves, in turn, play a vital role in ecotourism by offering visitors opportunities to enjoy nature through activities like hiking, birdwatching, and guided walks (Fennell, 2020). Tourism in protected areas can provide significant economic benefits to local communities and national economies. However, from an environmental perspective, increased tourist activity can lead to habitat degradation, pollution, and heightened pressure on fragile ecosystems if not carefully managed (Buckley, 2009). While ecotourism is often framed as a sustainable solution, this promise depends entirely on how it is regulated. In the absence of clear land-use legislative and development frameworks, ecotourism can be misused to legitimize unsustainable practices, undermining both environmental protection and the credibility of the sector.

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